Which is the basic functional group of ketones?

• C=O

Components Present In Bronze

• Cu +Sn

Components Present In Brass

• Cu & Zn

Elements kept in kerosene oil

• Na,K,I,Cs

Element kept in water

• Phosphorous

Who was the first Nobel prize winner in chemistry?

• Vant hoff

About 'Thomas Alva Edison'

Thomas Alva Edison , the famous scientist was born in Ohio.He was one of the outstanding geniuses in the history of science.The most important inventions made by Edison include the incandescent electric lamp, the phonograph, the carbon telephone transmitter & the motion picture projector.

Which are the fat soluble vitamins?

• A,D,E,K

Name the crystalline solid which is the chief constituent of human & other urines

• Urea

Name the constituents of water gas

• Carbon monoxide & hydrogen

Name the lead carbonate which is used as a pigment

• White lead

Name an inert gas occurring in very minute amounts in air

• Xenon

Name a rare metal used in making alloys, abrasives & flame-proof compounds

• Zirconium

Pyrometer

• Measures very high temperature

Quadrant

• Measures altitudes & angles in navigation..

Refractometer

• Measures refractive indices..

Stereoscope

• To view two dimensional pictures.

Stroboscope

• To view rapidly moving objects.

Salinometer

• Determines the salinity of solutions

Theodolite

• Measures horizontal & vertical angles

Tonometer

• Measures the pitch of a sound

Udometer

• Rain gauge

Venturimeter

• Measures rate of flow of liquids

Viscometer

• Measures the viscosity of liquids

Voltmeter

• Measures potential difference between two points.

Wattmeter

• Measures the power of an electric circuit.

Wavemeter

• Measures the wavelength of a radiowave.

Determination of dissolved solids in an effluent sample

AIM:
To determine the dissolved solids in a given effluent sample.
PRINCIPLE:
Dissolved solids are the solid matter obtained when an effluent sample after filtration through a whatmann Number 41 filter paper is evaporated on a weighing dish on a steam bath & then dried to constant weight in an oven at 100⁰ c
APPARATUS:

• Crucible 100ml capacity
• Measuring cylinder 100ml
• Steam bath
• Oven
• Desiccator

PROCEDURE:

• Filter the effluent sample through whatmann Number 41 filter paper
• The crucible of 100ml capacity should be cleaned & dried .
• Take the weight of this crucible
• Note the weight taken.
• Take 100ml of the filtered effluent sample to the weighed crucible.
• Note the volume of sample taken
• Evaporate the sample to dryness on a steam bath & complete the drying by heating for 1 hour in an air oven at 100⁰ c
• Cool in a desiccator & take the final weight of the crucible

CALCULATION:

Dissolved Solids= (A-B/C)*10₆

where A =weight of crucible + solids

B = weight of crucible alone

C = Volume of the sample

What do you mean by bactericide?

• A substance used to kill bacteria.

Health salts

• NaHCO₃ + Citric acid

Baking soda

• NaHCO₃

Milk of magnesia

• Suspension of Mg(OH)₂ in water .

Name an antimalarial drug

• Quinine

Name the process which involves the addition of hydrogen to a substance or the removal of oxygen from it

• Reduction

What is artificial silk?

• Rayon

Name the sugar present in fruits

• Fructose

Give the other name for fructose

• Laevulose

Litmus

• A purple-coloured substance used in testing whether a particular substance is acidic or basic.

What change is observed when a red litmus paper is dipped in lemon juice?

• Lemon juice is acidic. Hence no change is observed.

Equivalent mass of acid

• Mass of acid that can supply one mole of H⁺ ions.
• ie Molar mass of acid/Basicity of acid

What is the basicity of HCl?

• 1

Basicity of acid

• Number of H⁺ ions available from 1 molecule of acid.

Balometer

• Measures heat radiation...

Barometer

• Measures atmospheric pressure...

Audiometer

• Measures intensity of sound..

Anemometer

• Measures force & velocity of wind..

Ammeter

• Measures strength of electric current..

What is Altimeter?

• Measures altitude ( used in aircraft)..

Give the formula for water glass

• Na₂SiO₃

Give the formula for white lead

• 2PbCO₃.Pb(OH)₂

Give the formula for sodium stearate

• C₁₇H₃₅COONa

What is the chemical name for Soap?

• Sodium stearate

What is skim latex?

• The residual liquid of very low drc being the by-product of concentration of normal latex by centrifuging contains up to 8% rubber.

Name the hydrometer used for determining the density of latex & calculating its drc, liable to error, graduated as pounds per gallon

• Metrolac

Preparation of Tollen's Reagent

AIM:
To prepare Tollen's reagent.
APPARATUS:

• Dropper
• Test tube
• Measuring cylinder

REAGENTS:

• AgNO₃ solution :2ml
• NaOH solution : 3 drops
• NH₄OH solution

PROCEDURE:

• To a clean test tube add 2ml of AgNO₃ solution.
• Add 3 drops of NaOH solution.
• A precipitate is obtained.
• Ammonia solution is added drop by drop until the precipitated silver oxide is almost dissolved.
• This is how tollen's reagent is prepared.

DONOT STORE IT...USE IMMEDIATELY

Coolant in nuclear reactors

• D₂O

What is Baeyer's Reagent?

• Cold alkaline KMnO₄

What is Lucas Reagent?

• A mixture of concentrated HCl & anhydrous ZnCl₂

What is Tollen's Reagent?

• AgNO₃ solution +NaOH solution + NH₄OH

What is the purpose of Nessler's Reagent?

• It is used for the identification of Ammonium ion NH₄ ⁺

What do you mean by Caoutchouc?

• Americam indian name for rubber.
• The word means 'weeping wood'

What is balata?

• A product analogous to gutta percha obtained from the bark of Mimusops globosa.

What is the chemical name for Roban?

• bromodiolone

What is sevin?

• It is a carbamate insecticide.

Name an organophosphorus granular insecticide technically known as Phorate 10 G

• Thimet

Ethrel

• Yield stimulant containing 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid as the active ingredient

What is malathion?

• Malathion is an organo-phosphorous insecticide.

What is contaf?

• A systemic fungicide with common name hexaconazole.

What is the use of Calixin?

• 2% solution calixin in 1% ammoniated latex is effective against pink disease.

What is the use of Calixin?

• A systemic fungicide

What is the common name for Calixin?

• Tridemorph

What is the use of Bavistin?

• Use of 0.05% solution of the fungicide in water is effective against leaf spot diseases & powdery mildew disease in young plants.

What is the common name for Bavistin?

• Carbendazim

What is Bavistin?

• It is a systemic fungicide.

Akomin

• A synthetic fungicide containing 40% phosphorous acid.

Which acid is used for the coagulation of latex?

• HCOOH Or CH₃COOH

How will you determine the non rubber solid content of latex?

• The difference between total solid content & dry rubber content gives the non rubber solid content of latex.

Give the full form of DAHP

• diammonium hydrogen orthophosphate

What do you mean by preserved field latex?

• Field latex preserved with suitable preservatives is termed as preserved field latex.

Which is the most popular latex preservative?

• Ammonia

What is a preservative?

• It is a chemical or mixture of chemicals which when added to latex can prevent bacterial action in it & at the same time stabilises it.

Fresh latex cannot be kept for long without coagulation.why?

• Fresh latex as it comes out from the tree is slightly alkaline or neutral.
• It becomes acidic rapidly due to bacterial action.
• The formation of organic acids neutralises the negative charge on rubber particles & the latex gradually thickens & gets coagulated on keeping.
• So fresh latex cannot be kept for long without coagulation.

What is the nature of fresh latex as it comes out from the tree?

• Slightly alkaline or neutral

What is the composition of latex?

• Rubber : 30-40%
• Resin : 1-2.0%
• Protein: 2-2.5%
• Sugar: 1-1.5%
• Ash: 0.7-0.9%
• Water: 55-65%

Is natural rubber latex lyophilic or lyophobic?

• Lyophilic

What is the specific gravity of latex?

• 0.974-0.986

What is the colour of the latex?

• white or slightly yellowish opaque liquid

Marketable forms of natural rubber

• Sheet rubber
• Crepe rubber
• Block rubber
• Preserved field latex & latex concentrates

Name the type of knife used in Malaysia for a high standard of tapping of rubber tree?

• Draw knife or Jebong

Name the type of knife used in India for a high standard of tapping of rubber tree?

• Michie Golledge

Name the places in India where we can find deposits of rock phosphate?

• Udaipur in Rajasthan
• Mussoorie in Uttar Pradesh
• Jabhua in Madhya Pradesh

What is the % of Magnesium in Magnesite?

• 35-40% MgO

What is the % of phosphorus in indigenous rock phosphate?

• 18-20 %P₂O₅

What is the % of Nitrogen in Ammonium Sulphate nitrate?

• 26.0

What is the % of Magnesium in Magnesium Sulphate?

• 16% MgO

What is the % of Nitrogen in Ammonium Sulphate?

• 20.6% N

What is the % of Phosphorus in Imported Rock Phosphate?

• 29% P₂O₅

What is the % of Potassium in Muriate of Potash?

• 60% K₂O

What is the % of Nitrogen in Urea?

• 46% N

Usually which month is the ideal time for mulching of rubber plants?

• November

What are the benefits of mulching of rubber plants?

• Improvement of water & plant nutrient holding capacity of the soil.
• Maintenance of the soil around young rubber plants in a cool & moist condition during summer months.
• Multiplication of the microbial population of the soil, ensuring better nutrient availability.
• Protection of the soil from the beating effect of rainfall resulting in soil erosion.
• Control of weeds around the plant bases.

Mulching nurseries & basins of young rubber plants is done before the onset of summer season. why?

• To reduce soil temperature & to conserve moisture.

What type of bags may be used for packing rubber seeds along with moist charcoal powder for planting?

• Gunny bags lined with perforated polythene sheet or double gunny bags....

What type of climate is needed for the optimum growth of rubber tree?

• Warm humid equable climate (21 to 35 degree Celsius)
• Fairly distributed annual rainfall of not less than 200cm

Which is the native place of hevea brasiliensis?

• It is a native of the Amazon river basin of South America. It was introduced to tropical Asia in 1876 through Kew Garden in the UK with the seeds brought from Brazil by Sir Henry Wickham.

Which is the most important commercial source of natural rubber?

• Hevea brasiliensis

What is the basicity of H2SO4 ?

• Two

Why is H2SO4 added during preparation of mohr salt solution?

• To prevent hydrolysis of FeSO₄

A bottle of KMnO4 solution kept for some days produce a brown deposit on the glass.What is it & how is it formed?

• The deposit is MnO₂..It is formed by the oxidising action of KMnO₄ on water.

Preparation of NaOH solution 67% w/v

• Dissolve 67gm NaOH in distilled water & dilute to 100ml ( the solution is hot & this is made by placing the beaker in a water filled sink with stirring)

Name the element having maximum tendency for catenation

• Carbon

What is oil of vitriol?

• H₂SO₄

What is baking soda?

• NaHCO₃

What is rock salt?

• NaCl

What is Jeweller's rouge?

• Fe₂O₃

What is lodestone?

• Fe₃O₄

Formula for massicot

• PbO

What is sand?

• SiO₂

Caustic Potash

• KOH

What is tincture of iodine?

• I₂ in C₂H₅OH

Who discovered mesons?

• Yukawa

What is Nessler's Reagent?

• K₂HgI₄

Formula of laughing gas

• N₂O

An auxillary preservative for natural rubber latex

• Boric acid

What type of the process is usually done in the lab for determining VFA test?

• Microscale total recovery steam distillation.

What is the function of ammonium sulphate in VFA test?

• Neutral coacervant

What is the purpose of VFA number test?

• A procedure which will separate the anions into volatile fatty acids & non volatile fatty acids & this is what the VFA number test seeks to do.

What is the function of non volatile fatty acids?

• To increase the stability of latex by virtue of their surface activity.

What is the function of volatile fatty acids?

• To reduce the stability of latex by increasing the ionic strength of the serum.

What is the distillation rate in ASTM procedure for VFA number?

• 3 to 6 ml per minute

What is the density of serum used in VFA test?

• 1.02gm/ml

In the VFA test what is the purpose of warming the latex with ammonium sulphate on a steam bath for a short period?

• To assist coacervation

Who proposed the VFA test?

• Philpott & Sekhar

Define Volatile Fatty Acid Number(VFA)

• Number of Grams of KOH equivalent to the steam volatile fatty acid which are produced by the acidification of latex containing 100gm of solids.

What is the importance of density of a latex?

• It enables the mass of a known volume of latex to be calculated & it is indicative of polymer content.

What are the defects in Brookfield viscometer readings?

• Turbulence
• Angle of immersion of spindle

Technical viscometer which is widely used for the measurement of latex viscosity

• Brookfield viscometer

Ammonia should be kept in tightly stoppered bottles.why?

• It evaporates on exposure to air from solutions.

Give the formula for isoprene

• C₅H₈

What are elastomers?

• High polymers having elastic properties in excess of 300%.
• For eg: Rubber

What is the functional group present in (1) acetone (2) propanal ?

• Acetone : >CO- keto group
• Propanal : -CHO- Aldehyde group

Which is stabler,hydrophilic sol or hydrophobic sol?

• Hydrophilic sol is stabler.

Give an eg: for hydrophobic sol

• Ferric hydroxide sol

Give an eg: for hydrophilic sol

• Starch, Egg albumin

What do you mean by a sol?

• Sol is the colloidal solution of a solid in a liquid...
• Starch is an eg:

Potash Alum

• K₂SO₄ Al₂(SO₄)₃24H₂O

What are alums?

• Alums are double salts with the general formula M₂SO₄ X₂(SO₄)₃ 24H₂O where M is a monovalent metal & X is a trivalent metal.

What is seeding?

• It is a method to speed up crystallisation by suspending (on a thin string) a crystal into a saturated solution of the substance.

What is the advantage or importance of crystalisation?

• Crystallisation helps to purify substances & give them a high state of purity.Fractional crystallisation helps to separate substances from a mixture.

What do you mean by crystals?

• Crystals are solids with well defined geometrical shapes.

Preparation Of Starch Solution

AIM:
To prepare starch solution.
PRINCIPLE:
Starch sol is easily obtained by mixing starch paste with hot water as it is a hydrophilic colloid.
Being electrically neutral it is quite stable.
APPARATUS:

• 250ml beakers : 2
• Glass rod
• Boiling tube
• Wire gauze
• Tripod stand
• Funnel ( if necessary)

CHEMICALS:

• Soluble starch powder : 1gm
• Distilled water( ordinary pure water may also be used)

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS:

• The glass apparatus must be clean.
• Starch must be added as a fine paste & never as a powder.
• The fine paste must be prepared with water at room temperature & not with hot water.
• Addition in a thin stream & rigorous stirring are important.

PROCEDURE:

• Take about 100ml water in a 250ml beaker.
• Keep it over a wire gauze on a tripod stand for heating( with a Bunsen burner).
• Take the starch powder in a boiling tube , add some water & make it into a loose paste by shaking well.
• When the water in the beaker has started boiling, pour the starch paste slowly in a thin stream into the boiling water, stirring vigorously with the glass rod.
• After adding the whole paste continue boiling for about 2 minutes.
• Allow the starch sol in the beaker to cool....( Filter if necessary- normally a clear sol will be obtained & there will be no need to filter)..

What type of compounds give Liebermann's nitroso reaction?

• Compounds containing phenolic-OH groups.

Why is it necessary to dry the organic compound before adding sodium to test for alcoholic -OH group?

• Sodium reacts with water violently to produce hydrogen....

Name 2 tests used to identify aldehydes?

• Tollen's test & Fehling's test

Does fehling's test answered by glucose?

• Yes..Glucose contains a -CHO group.

What is the formula of Phenyl isocyanide?

• C₆H₅NC

Can you identify CH3NH2 by azo dye test?

• No...CH₃NH₂ is an aliphatic amine

Name a test common to -CHO group & >CO group

• 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine test

What happens when schiff's reagent is heated?

• The reagent becomes pink in colour.On heating SO₂ escapes & the solution acquirers its original colour.

What is the use of carbylamine test?

• To identify amino groups

What is Massicot?

• Lead monoxide PbO

What is Pyrolusite?

• Manganese dioxide MnO₂

What is Aqua regia?

• HNO₃ + HCl in the ratio 1:3

What is green vitriol?

• FeSO₄.7H₂O

What is washing soda?

• Na₂CO₃.10H₂O

What is Glauber's Salt?

• Na₂SO₄.10H₂O

What is sal ammoniac?

• NH₄Cl

What is dry ice?

• Solid CO₂

What is cinnabar?

• HgS

What is liquor ammonia?

• NH₄OH

What is fire damp?

• CH₄

Give the formula of blue vitriol

• CuSO₄.5H₂O

What is Organic Chemistry?

• Study of compounds of carbon & hydrogen with other elements...

Name the impure form of iron that contains between 2 & 4.5 % carbon

• Pig iron

What is photochemistry?

• Study of the chemical reactions induced by light..

What are solutes?

• Solids that dissolve in liquids to make solutions...

Full form of TNT

• Trinitrotoluene

What is triple point?

• Point at which the three states of a substance- solid, liquid & gas coexist...

What is Proof spirit?

• Solution of ethyl alcohol containing 44.28 % alcohol by weight in water...

What do you mean by pyrolysis?

• Chemical decomposition by the action of heat....

Another name for Pig iron

• Cast iron

Another name for malt sugar

• Maltose

What is formalin?

• 40% aqueous solution of the gas formaldehyde

Freezing mixture

• Salts of metals ( NaCl, MgSO₄ etc ) when mixed with crushed ice lower its temperature below 0 degree celsius...

What is cytochemistry?

• Chemistry of living cells...

What do you mean by decomposition?

• Breaking substance into constituent elements....

Give the chemical name for D.D.T

• Dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane

What is acidity?

• Number of hydrogen ions which react with one molecule of alkali....

What is alkalimetry?

• Estimation of an acid solution using standard alkali solution.

What is acidimetry?

• Estimation of alkali solution using standard acid solution.

Define Iodimetry & Iodometry

• Estimations using standard iodine solution are called iodimetry & those involving iodine liberated from potassium iodide solution by a chemical reaction is iodometry.

Define boiling point

• The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure & the liquid starts boiling...

What do you mean by the word aromaticity?

• Unusual Stability

Why starch indicator is added only at the very end of the reaction in iodimetry & iodometry?

• Starch reacts with iodine in presence of iodide to form a blue complex. This is a very sensitive colour reaction.But starch forms a water insoluble complex with iodine. Hence the indicator is added only at the very end of the reaction when the colour of the iodide solution fades to pale yellow.

What is the indicator used in iodimetry & iodometry?

• Starch

Which is the indicator used in complexometric titrations?

• Eriochrome black T is the indicator used in complexometric titrations. In the presence of metal ions the indicator gives a wine red colour in the pH range of 7 to 11.At the end point, all the metal ions are converted into metal -EDTA complex & the free indicator is liberated which has blue colour.

What is the use of EDTA?

• EDTA is the best complexing agent in quantitative analytical reactions.

What is EDTA?

• EDTA is ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid.

What type of flame is employed to perform the flame test?

• Non luminous flame..

Why is hydrochloric acid used in flame test?

• Chlorides are usually the most volatile salts.

Name a base radical which is not a metal

• Ammonium

What are anions?

• Negatively charged ions are called anions.

What are cations?

• Positively charged ions are called cations.

What is Aqua Fortis?

• Nitric Acid HNO₃

What is baking soda?

• Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO₃

Give the formula for water

• H₂O

Define anticoagulant

• An anticoagulant is a chemical added to latex to prevent precoagulation before it is processed.

Name the process used for the removal of salt from sea water or saline water

• Desalinization

Another name for diesel oil

• Gas oil

Name the hardest substance known,which is made of pure carbon

• Diamond

A mixture of glucose & fructose mixed in equal proportions

• Invert sugar

A substance that is difficult to melt

• Infusible

Rare metallic element

• Indium

Name the blue dye obtained from plants

• Indigo

Process in which oxygen take up by a chemical compound

• Oxidation

A poisonous oily liquid which is the principal compound in tobacco

• Nicotine

Neutral

• A substance that is neither acidic nor basic.

Why mercury is also known as Quick Silver?

• It is liquid & looks like molten silver.

Another name for mercury

• Quick silver

Another name for Rayon

• Artificial Silk

Another name for petrol

• Gasoline

Name the enzyme present in the stomach along with hydrochloric acid

• Pepsin

An allotropic form of carbon present in pencil lead

• Graphite

An antibiotic obtained from moulds which is used as a drug

• Pencillin

Name the components of paper

• cellulose( 73%) & water ( 27%)

Name the white solid belonging to vitamin B complex of molecules

• Pantothenic acid

What is the importance of pantothenic acid?

• It is essential for the growth of cells.
• It is present in rice bran plant & animal tissues.

What is Palmitic acid?

• A wax- like fatty acid occurring in palm oil & other natural fats.

Metal showing highest oxidation number

• Pu,Os

Element having highest tensile strength

• Boron

Most reactive gaseous element

• F

Best conductor among non metals

• Graphite

Most poisonous element

• Pu

Highest electronegativity

• F

Most reactive liquid element

• Cs

Most reactive solid element

• Li

Highest electron affinity

• Chlorine(Cl)

Liquid element of radioactive nature

• Francium(Fr)

Volatile d -block elements

• Zn, Cd, Hg

Lunar Caustic

• Silver nitrate

Rock Salt

• NaCl

Sal Ammoniac

• Ammonium chloride

Red vitriol

• Potassium ferricyanide

White bronze

• Bronze containing a high proportion of tin..

White heat

• Temperature at which bodies become incandescent..

Wax

• Thick, dull yellow, sticky substance secreted by bees for making honeycombs...

Water gas

• A fuel gas prepared by forcing steam over incandescent & very hot carbon..It consists of a mixture of hydrogen & carbon monoxide...

Washing soda

• Sodium carbonate

Xylogen

• Wood ( or xylem) in the formative stage..

Xenon

• An inert gas occurring in very minute amounts in air..

Yeast

• Widely distributed unicellular fungi..Also substance used in brewing beer & making bread..It contains different enzymes which can perform different reactions..

Zirconium

• A rare metal used in making alloys, abrasives and flame proof compounds...

Zinc Oxide

• A white powder used as a pigment..